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As a result, duplex formation is one of the most popular and powerful transducer modules in developing allosterically controlled RNA devices, including GERMS. In addition, the folding and activation of many reporting systems in GERMS, such as the fluorogenic RNAs, ribosomal binding sites, and transcriptional activators, can also be tuned merely by the formation of a duplex. Indeed, as demonstrated in the crystal structures of several naturally occurring riboswitches, the most common target binding-induced RNA structural changes are the formation of new duplex regions or the disruption of existing duplexes. A duplex formation based on the Watson-Crick or wobble base pairs can be rationally designed as the bridge between the recognition module and the reporting system. One of the most straightforward conformational changes in RNA devices is the folding and unfolding of a duplex structure ( Figure 1A). In the general design of GERMS, target binding to the recognition module triggers a conformational change in the transducer module, adjusting the activity of the reporting system. Recent examples will be further provided to demonstrate the intracellular applications of these novel RNA-based sensors.

#FREE ENDNOTE FOR UMASS STUDENT HOW TO#

We will first illustrate how to design and engineer the three components of GERMS: the recognition module, transducer module, and reporting system. In this review, we will focus on a specific emerging group of RNA devices that can be genetically encoded for the intracellular detection of biological analytes. There are several great reviews and articles about the design and application of RNA-based nanodevices. GERMS have started to be used to monitor cellular signaling pathways as well as other biological processes. These genetically encodable sensors have shown promising potential in detecting intracellular RNAs, proteins, metabolites, signaling molecules, and metal ions. GERMS can be easily and rationally modified for the detection of a wide range of target molecules with good selectivity and sensitivity. These novel RNA-based sensors can be genetically encoded and transcribed by cells on their own for long-term studies. With further improvement in biostability, sensitivity, and robustness, GERMS can potentially be widely used in cell biology and biotechnology. Some recent advances in the application of GERMS for intracellular imaging are also discussed. In this review, we summarize different design principles of GERMS based on various RNA recognition modules, transducer modules, and reporting systems. In view of their ability for the general detection of a wide range of target analytes, and the modular and simple design principle, GERMS are becoming a popular choice for intracellular analysis. As an exciting alternative, genetically encoded RNA-based molecular sensors (GERMS) have emerged over the past few years for the intracellular imaging and detection of various biological targets. Traditionally, the majority of these sensors have been developed based on fluorescent proteins. These biosensors are capable of monitoring in real-time the cellular levels, locations, and cell-to-cell variations of the target compounds in living systems.

Return to the NYT Academic Pass homepage and select Create Account.Genetically encodable sensors have been widely used in the detection of intracellular molecules ranging from metal ions and metabolites to nucleic acids and proteins.

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#FREE ENDNOTE FOR UMASS STUDENT PASSWORD#

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Free endnote for umass student